Stereophotogrammetry
Stereophotogrammetry is the science of making three-dimensional measurements from two-dimensional photographs taken from different positions. It is a major branch of Photogrammetry and utilizes the principle of Stereopsis to determine depth. By identifying the Parallax between corresponding points in overlapping images, spatial coordinates can be calculated using Triangulation.
The technical implementation often relies on Epipolar Geometry, which defines the geometric constraints between camera views. This allows for automated Image Matching and the generation of a Point Cloud. These datasets are essential for creating Digital Elevation Models and are widely used in Cartography and Geographic Information Systems.
Modern advancements in Computer Vision have introduced Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques, facilitating high-resolution 3D reconstruction from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. This has revolutionized Remote Sensing, Archaeology, and Civil Engineering.
For further reading, see the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.